from JAANUS (Japanese Architecture and Art Net Users System) CHAWAN
1 Generic term for ceramic wares called
toujiki from the 9c-16c. Initially used for tea drinking and
considerably later for rice.
2) Ceramic bowl used for
drinking tea at a tea ceremony. Japanese chawan are most frequently
used but those imported from China and Korea are also favored. The tea
bowls imported from China are called karamono (referring to the T'ang dynasty)
(618-907). Korean bowls are called kourai chawan and Japanese
tea bowls are called kuniyaki meaning domestically fired. The type of
chawan used depends on whether the ceremony is formal, shin, semi-formal, gyou, or informal, sou. One of the most
formal chawan used since ancient times, is a tenmoku bowl
tenmoku jawan which has a unique shape: a wide
top, and a special oil-spot glaze of Chinese lineage. Today, it is used
only when accompanied by a large portable shelf, daisu, and a wooden saucer called tenmokudai. In Japan, however, chawan of
plainer design and irregular shape are appreciated more than those with
such perfect forms, especially at a simple, quiet tea ceremony. Thus, many
domestic tea bowls came into use in the late 16c. Their type and design
are extremely diverse, and made even more so by the preferences of tea
masters. In general, a bowl shaped for easy drinking is most appreciated.
The average size is 15cm in diameter at the rim and about 8cm high. In the
summer, a shorter bowl is favored, while in winter, a barrel-shaped bowl
about 10cm in diameter at the rim and 9cm high is often preferred.
Aside from the tenmoku type introduced in the Muromachi period
(1392/3-1568), and one of Korean lineage which was a deep bowl called
idojawan, the most popular bowl was a domestic type called
rakuyaki. It appears to have been introduced by Sen Rikyu (1502-1591).
Generally, tea bowls are appreciated for the shape of the rim,
kuchi-zukuri, the inside of the bowl, mikomi, the body
of the bowl, dou, and the foot, koudai. By the mid-18c,
a middle grade of green tea called sencha gained in popularity
and smaller sized tea bowls came into use.
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